Gabapentin is a synthetic analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), originally developed as an antiepileptic drug (AED). Though structurally related to GABA, gabapentin does not bind to GABA receptors; instead, it modulates voltage-gated calcium channels by binding to the α2δ subunit. This results in decreased excitatory neurotransmitter release, making it effective in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Chemical Information
- IUPAC Name: 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid
- Molecular Formula: C9H17NO2
- Peso molecular: 171.24 g/mol
- CAS Number: 60142-96-3
- Drug Class: Anticonvulsant, Neuromodulator
Farmacodinámica
Gabapentin does not directly modulate GABA receptors but exerts its effects by binding with high affinity to the α2δ-1 and α2δ-2 subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). This leads to:
- Reduced calcium influx in neurons
- Inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate and substance P
- Modulation of pain signaling in the spinal cord
Indicaciones
Gabapentin is approved or widely used off-label for:
- Epilepsy (partial seizures, adjunct therapy)
- Neuropathic pain (postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy)
- Generalized anxiety disorder (off-label)
- Fibromialgia
- Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- Restless Legs Syndrome (off-label)
Posología y administración
Typical adult dosages vary by condition:
- Epilepsia: 900–1800 mg/day, in 3 divided doses
- Dolor neuropático: Start at 300 mg once daily, titrate to 1800–3600 mg/day
- Anxiety (off-label): 300–1200 mg/day
Titration is critical to minimize side effects, and abrupt discontinuation should be avoided to prevent withdrawal symptoms or seizure rebound.
Farmacocinética
- Absorción: Bioavailability is dose-dependent (60% at 300 mg, drops with higher doses)
- Distribución: Not significantly protein-bound; crosses the blood-brain barrier
- Metabolismo: Not metabolized by the liver
- Excreción: Renal elimination; unchanged
- Half-life: ~5–7 hours
Efectos secundarios
Común:
- Somnolencia
- Mareos
- Ataxia
- Fatiga
- Peripheral edema
Rare:
- Mood changes
- Suicidal ideation
- Severe allergic reactions (DRESS syndrome)
Gabapentin may cause dependence in some individuals, especially at high doses or with long-term use. Caution is advised in individuals with a history of substance misuse.
Harm Reduction & Safety
- Avoid combining with other CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines)
- Renal function should be assessed regularly in chronic users
- Tapering is necessary to avoid withdrawal symptoms
- May impair cognitive and motor skills—caution with driving or machinery
Legal Status
- EE.UU.: Prescription-only, Schedule V in some states due to abuse potential
- UE: Prescription-only, not scheduled
- REINO UNIDO: Controlled (Class C, Schedule 3) due to rising misuse
Research and Emerging Uses
Gabapentin continues to be studied in:
- Chronic cough
- Migraine prophylaxis
- Social anxiety disorder
- PTSD-related sleep disturbances
Its role in modulating central sensitization makes it a candidate in multiple pain-related and psychiatric conditions.
Conclusión
Gabapentin is a well-established neuromodulatory agent with a broad therapeutic range. Despite its relatively benign profile, responsible use and harm reduction are essential due to potential misuse and withdrawal risks. For researchers, it offers a powerful tool for studying calcium channel modulation and neuropathic pathways.
Reseñas
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